Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to another. They are characterized by long duration and generally slow progression, making them a leading cause of adult mortality and morbidity worldwide.

NCDs such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes are the primary causes of death and disability globally. People of all age groups, including children, adults, and the elderly, are vulnerable to these diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs kill 41 million people annually, accounting for 74% of all deaths worldwide.

In Nepal, the STEPS Survey 2019 reported that NCDs were responsible for approximately 71.1% of deaths. This highlights the growing burden of NCDs, making them a major public health concern in the country.

Risk Factors
NCDs are emerging as a leading cause of death worldwide, including in the Southeast Asian region. Various social factors contribute to this rise, such as unhealthy lifestyles, globalization, trade and marketing, and demographic and economic changes. The key risk factors include unhealthy diets, tobacco use, low physical activity, active and passive smoking, mental stress, and excessive alcohol consumption.

Nepal is transitioning from infectious diseases to NCDs as its primary public health concern. Rapid urbanization and modernization have led to significant lifestyle changes, increasing the prevalence of risk factors. Urban areas, in particular, have a higher concentration of sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and elevated stress levels, further contributing to the rise of NCDs.

Prevention and Control
The most effective prevention strategy involves lifestyle changes, including a healthy diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and the management of metabolic disorders. Self-management and awareness of how food affects the risk and prevention of NCDs at all life stages are essential, with nutrition interventions playing a crucial role in managing NCD risks.

Public health interventions are necessary to address the high disease burden in Nepal. Increasing risk factors, limited healthcare resources, socioeconomic impacts, and health inequities make NCDs a growing public health challenge. Early detection, behavioral changes, and policy-driven actions are essential for effective control. Addressing this issue requires a holistic approach that includes strong government policies, improved healthcare infrastructure, health education, and community engagement.

Conclusion
Non-communicable diseases remain a significant public health challenge worldwide, causing high mortality and morbidity rates. Beyond their health impacts, NCDs pose a serious threat to economic growth and development. However, their risk factors are preventable. Addressing them requires a comprehensive approach that includes lifestyle modifications, early detection, and effective health policies. By prioritizing prevention and management strategies, we can reduce the burden of NCDs and create healthier communities.