KATHMANDU: Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is a mood disorder that causes persistent feelings of sadness or a lack of interest in life.

It is a whole-body illness that impacts not only your mood but also your thoughts and physical well-being. Depression can affect the way you eat, sleep, and interact with others.

Types of Depression

Major Depression: This type of depression is characterized by a consistently low mood or a loss of interest in activities, lasting for at least two weeks. It interferes with daily life and can affect relationships, work, and other aspects of your life.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
Previously known as dysthymia, PDD is a milder but chronic form of depression that lasts for a longer period. PDD can affect a person’s quality of life more than major depression because it persists for years. Common symptoms include:

A sense of hopelessness

Loss of interest in regular daily activities

Decreased productivity

Prenatal Depression

Prenatal depression occurs during pregnancy and is marked by ongoing feelings of extreme sadness. It can affect both the mother and the developing child.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

SAD is a type of depression that occurs in certain seasons, typically starting in late fall or early winter, and subsides during the spring and summer months. The lack of sunlight is believed to contribute to the condition.

Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression (PPD), also known as peripartum or postnatal depression, affects individuals assigned female at birth, causing major depressive symptoms in the weeks or months after childbirth.

Causes of Depression

Depression can have a variety of causes, including:

Genetics: Family history of depression increases risk

Brain structure: Differences in the brain’s functioning

Head injuries: Trauma to the brain can trigger depression

Drug or alcohol abuse: Substance abuse can contribute to or worsen depression

Life events: Stressful or traumatic events such as loss or abuse

Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormones, such as during pregnancy or menopause

Early childhood trauma: Early life experiences can shape mental health

Medical conditions: Chronic illnesses like cancer or heart disease

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing depression, including:

Medical illness: Chronic conditions or serious health issues

Substance misuse: Alcohol or drug abuse

Vitamin deficiency: Lack of certain nutrients like B12 and D

Certain medications: Some medications can contribute to depression

Socioeconomic status: Financial or social hardship

Genetics: Family history of depression

Sex: Depression is more common in females

Symptoms of Depression

Symptoms can vary, but may include:

Persistent feelings of sadness

Loss of interest in hobbies and activities

Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

Reduced sexual desire

Excessive feelings of guilt, helplessness, or worthlessness

Restlessness and irritability

Unexplained aches, pains, or headaches

Loss of appetite or overeating

Difficulty sleeping (insomnia) or excessive sleep

Fatigue and lack of energy

Feeling hopeless or anxious

Weight changes

Suicidal thoughts or attempts

Depression Test

To diagnose depression, a doctor may consider the following:

Medical history

Physical examination

Appetite and sleep patterns

Activity levels

Thoughts and moods

Lab Tests

A healthcare professional may order blood tests or other diagnostic tests to rule out other conditions that might be causing symptoms similar to depression.

DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is commonly used by professionals to help diagnose depression.

Psychiatric Evaluation

A thorough evaluation involves assessing feelings, behavior patterns, thoughts, and symptoms to determine the presence and severity of depression.

Treatment

Treating depression often involves a combination of medical treatment and lifestyle adjustments, which may include:

Medications

A healthcare provider may prescribe one or more of the following medications:

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Antidepressants

Atypical Antidepressants

Psychotherapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Other Therapies

Light Therapy (especially for Seasonal Affective Disorder)

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) (for severe cases)

Alternative Therapies

Natural remedies and lifestyle changes can also play a significant role in managing depression:

Avoiding alcohol and substance use

Regular exercise

Supplements like SAMe, 5-HTP, and omega-3 fatty acids

Vitamins such as B and D

Prevention

To help prevent depression or reduce the likelihood of relapse:

Regular exercise

Maintain consistent treatment

Reduce stress

Build strong relationships with family and friends

Get plenty of sleep

Eat a healthy diet

Avoid substances like alcohol or drugs

Psychological and pharmacological interventions that may help in prevention include:

Systemic Therapy

Humanistic Therapies

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Integrative Therapies

Complications

Without proper treatment, depression can lead to serious complications, such as:

Stroke

Heart attack

Cancer

Suicide

Substance abuse

Physical illness

School or work-related problems

Premature death

Seeking treatment early and maintaining ongoing care is crucial to reducing the risk of these complications.